TFY Chapter 5. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 5 Assumption

Assumption is a pre-existing belief, for example it would be wise to assume that walking the streets of Oakland at night souls be unsafe. Assumptions may also sprout from experiences such as, every time I walk passed by neighbors house there dog barks, so from then on I know when I go passed their front yard I am going to hear a barking dog.
Assumption and Inference are deeply intertwined, our assumptions come from our belief our inference comes from our assumptions this basic of how human nature comes up with logical reasoning.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 5 Discovery Exercise Page 149.
What Is an Assumption?
Using at least two dictionaries, write your own definition of assumption.
Assumptions-premise: a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play"; a hypothesis that is taken for granted; "any society is built upon certain assumptions" the act of taking possession of or power over something; "his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"; "the Nazi assumption of power in 1934"; "he acquired all the company's assets for ten million dollars and the assumption of the company's debts"


CRCB Chapter 5. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter5.

Being able to determine the main idea is like having the answer to a puzzle.
In order to achieve this, you must first be able to tell the difference between the general topic and the more specific ones. A topic is the most general idea while a main idea is more specific in covering the idea of the piece of writing, such as food being a topic and fish being a main idea.
Details are most specific and their job is to explain the main idea.
In most cases the main idea of the text being presented is going to be found in the introductory paragraph. You will also find a jumper of aid points around the main idea supporting it. The main idea will also be what mostly discuses throughout the body of the paper are. When you have completed read the test skim over what have read.

TFY Chpater 4. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 4 Inference

Inference thinking is natural to humans, if someone walks up to us with a gun in there are hand we are going to assume they mean us harm. Inference is a way of gathering information, due to other things that may give to the ultimate finding. It is important to remember that inference is not factual. Just because one may infer something is going to happen, it may not happen at all, the exact opposite might happen.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 4Quiz Page 110.
Reasoning - act of using reason to derive a conclusion from certain premises. There are two main methods to reach a conclusion. One is deductive reasoning, in which given true premises, the conclusion must follow (the conclusion cannot be false). This sort of reasoning is non-implicative - it does not increase one's knowledge base, since the conclusion is self-contained in the premises. A classical example of deductive reasoning is syllogism.
Conclusion - decision: a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration; "a decision unfavorable to the opposition"; "his conclusion took the evidence into account"; "satisfied with the panel's determination"; an intuitive assumption; "jump to a conclusion".
Guess - think: expect, believe, or suppose; put forward, of a guess, in spite of possible refutation.

Explanation - a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.

Imagine - form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case.

Infer-deduce: reason by deduction; establish by deduction.

Inference - the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation.

Interpret - make sense of; assign a meaning to; "What message do you see in this letter?"; "How do you interpret his behavior?"

CRCB Chapter 4. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter4.

Time is not the only criterion used in judging reading efficiency in college. It is not even most important one. Efficient reading can be defined as being able to read and comprehend textbook material in an appropriate amount of time for you.

Deciding what an appropriate amount of time is for you depends on many factors. It is related to how much time you actually have available to read for each course, the level of difficult of the textbook material, and the grade you want to earn in a course.

How to manage your reading is more important than learning how to read rapidly. Always make comprehension your primary goal: reading efficiently the first time through is often faster. If you make speed your priority, you may finish more quickly, but understand less. As a result, you may have to reread material before a test in order to understand and remember it, which is time-consuming.

Track your reading rates so you can create daily reading plans that set realistic goals for your classes each week. After using a study schedule and daily reading plans for several weeks, you will find that you begin to complete your reading assignments on time. Your reading comprehension will also improve, and you may even read a little faster. The reading tips suggested in this chapter that will contribute to your becoming a more efficient reader are: reading quickly when appropriate, skimming, regressing or rereading, sub vocalizing, pacing.

TFY Chapter3 Summary and Mindmap

Chapter3. Facts

In critical thinking we must evaluate all parts of a situation before coming to a final conclusion. We must observe all that surrounds our argument otherwise how can one come to a educate conclusion.
You must not only look for facts that are present but also facts that are not there, narrowing down what it truth from foe. When taking observation you must know the difference between a reliable observation and an unreliable observation. It is also important while collecting all this data to not allow it to sway your judgment because it is an ongoing process, keep an open mind until you have the full picture in front of you.


Thinking for Yourself Chapter 3Quiz Page 75
Definition:
Know: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about; know how to do or perform something.

Certain: certain(a): definite but not specified or identified; 
certain(p): having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; 
certain(p): established beyond doubt or question; definitely known.
Verified: corroborated: supported or established by evidence or proof.

Existence: being: the state or fact of existing; is an ontological topic par excellence.

Real: being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory.

Fact: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.

CRCB Chapter 3 Summary and Mindmap

Chapter3.

Memory

In Memory, our brain works as storage information so that you can recall information. Sensory memory is the storage of information which requires 5 senses in order for the brain to work. Through observation messages are being transmitted to the brain which able to start recall the events or happening within our surroundings. Short term memory.
This means that our brain can only recall for a short period of time. Our brain has the capacity to recall not all information in the brain. Chunking is useful in short term memory because it shows the technique or keywords to be able to understand very well so that our brain can recall information. Long term memory - This means that our brain has the huge capacity to recall information for a long period of time. Rote learning - is reducing or repeating word by word that has written in the books, journal, and other periodical without comprehending. Matrix - helps you recall information by understanding the data.

Ch-2 TFY Summary and Mine map

Chapter2. Word Precision

In order to share our experiences with others through writing, we need to give much thought to our choice of words. This chapter takes a close look at that process of translation. Clear thinking depends on a clear understanding of words we use. Words confusion leads to less consciousness, or disequilibrium, which can only be restored through word clarification. This chapter have explain are on finding the right word, how well do you use your dictionary?, clear thinking depends on clear word definitions, what makes a definition?, kinds of definitions, the connotations of words, the importance of defining key ideas, word concepts, what is critical reading. We use is an essential preliminary to genuine communication.


Thinking for Yourself Chapter 2 Quiz Page 62~63
1. FALSE When Frederick Douglas grasped the concept of abolition, he understood it was possible for him to become free.
2. TURE Words can be used to do a better or worse job of describing experiences but can be more than translations of the experiences themselves.
3. TURE A dictionary can help
 us think better when we use it to clear up word confustion.
4. TURE Definitions of word show the word’s boundaries.
5. FALSE Knowing the words for things helps us see them better.
6. FALSE We do not fully understand a word unless we can define it.
7. FALSE When people debate a topic, Understanding is greatly helped by their taking the time to define the key terms.
8. TURE Etymology gives us word histories.
9. FALSE Pocket dictionaries are sufficient guides for a critical study of word meanings.
10. TURE The word “ohm” comes from the Sanskrit language and means the sound of creation.
11. FALSE According to most dictionaries, there is more than one acceptable spelling of the word “cooperate”.
12. FALSE The term “French leave” means to say good-bye with a big kiss.
13. TURE The prefix in the words “insignificant” and “inflammable” means not in Latin.
14. TURE The following words all contain the sound called a “schwa:mass, polite, placement, bogus, visible.
15. FALSE The word nausea can be pronounced at least three different ways.
16. FALSE The word “round” can function as six different parts of speech: adjective, noun, transitive, and intransitive verb, adverb, and preposition.
17. FALSE “Egregious” comes from a Latin word meaning standing out from the head.
18. TURE The word “nadir” in the phases “the nadir of politics” means the highest point.
19. FALSE A “cogent” argument is a convincing one.
20. TURE The word “decimate” means to dice something up into pieces.
Word Precisions:

CRCB Chapter 2 summary and mindmap

Chapter2.
Summery
Building vocabulary is one of the most significant impacts on student Achievement, by expanding your vocabulary, you increase your understanding
in knowledge. In addition you will increase your ability to speak and write well- to communicate effectively. You also express your ability to speak and write freely. Enhancing you vocabulary allows you to communicate effectively.
Reading is an important way to learn new words and in rich your vocabulary in
Daily life, by writing a journal on regular basis you will improve, building
Your vocabulary significantly

Thinking for yourself Chapter1

Chapter1. Observation Skills

Those of you who discovered something new from these exercises learned because you observed in its true sense of staying awake and closely attentive.
Observation is a process of sensing, perceiving, and thinking. Careful observation can help us see details that conyain the key to unlocking problems or arriving at insights. It also help us discover new knowlege. It also requires us to stay awake, take out time, given full attention, suspend thinking in an attitude of listening.
Therefore you became aware of details, which a sweeping glance would have missed, in your subjects that revealed significance about the whole.
Observation is a process of sensing, perceiving, and thinking. Sensing is collecting data through the sense organs. Perceiving is holding sense data in consciousness until we can categorize and interpret it. The rewards of cultivating observation skills are self-understanding, creativity, rapture power, and wonder.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 1 Quiz Page 38~39
1. FALSE Observation skills are learned mainly through book learning. Support for Answers. On the contrary, observation is learned from participation, which is more active and spontaneous than reading. Samuel Scudder learned observing through the active coaching of his teacher Agassiz as well as from his own efforts, curiosity, and persistence in studying his fish.

2. TRUE The standard academic study of all the physical sciences requires observation skills, whether in the field or laboratory.
3. TRUE In thinking, the correctness of our conclusions usually depends on the clarity of our perceptions. 

4. TRUE Observation skills can be extended to observing how you observe. 

5. TRUE An insight is an experience of understanding that can occur spontaneously after we observe something intently for a while. One illustration of this experience is the story of Archimedes, who, while in his bath, discovered the means of measuring the value of an irregular solid by the displacement of water.

6. FALSE Agassize was simply too busy to give his student all the assistance he needed.
7. TRUE Perception and sensation are synonyms.
8. TRUE It is difficult to feel sensation and to think at the same time. If we want to feel whether a pair of new shoes fits properly, we have to pay attention.

9. TRUE Assimilation, according to Piaget, is an experience of easily understanding something that readily fits into our preexisting schemes or world view.

10. FALSE The word thinking, according to the dictionary, has only one meaning.

Critical Reading for College and Beyond Chapter1.

Won Joon Lee
Instructor: Dr. Sylvia Schoemaker
Critical reading for college and beyond
Date March 4 2008

Chapter1. Reading in College
Summary
Learning styles and Techniques:

Leading is an active process based on an author’s ability to convey meaning through the written word and I ability to extract meaning from those words.

Learning styles and techniques for improving learning ability, Reading is learning Process by using many different strategies your learning styles ability will greatly

Enhanced, these techniques will help you to improve your college reading and learning.

Hi everyone!

I'm pleased to introduce myself through blog. Having this experience is really an exciting thing to me since this is my first time ever to have my own blog. I'd like to thank Dr. Schoemaker and her 'Critical Thinking' class which enabled me to have this kind of exciting opportunity and experience.

I was born and grown up in Korea, and used to work at a business consulting firm after graduation from college and graduate school in Korea with majoring in Business Administration (B.A.) and Management Engineering (M.S.). In my university days and earlier career days I used to have thought that I would like to have further opportunity to study in foreign country in the future. Now it came true by having opportunity to study at Lincoln University, and I'm very much enjoying to study with various student from many different cultures.

I wish our study at Lincoln gives a good opportunity to all of us for getting to know each other as well as building our new talents and skills.

Cheers.
Won Joon