CRCB Chapter14. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER14. EVALUATING INTERNET RESOURCES.

One of the greatest resources we know have on hand is the World Wide Web. We can find information to almost any subject imaginable with just the click of a button. This resource is extremely useful but at the same time can crippling as well. A lot of time when books are published they are made sure that the information written is legitimate as where on web that is not always the case. When getting reliable references from the web you must make sure the information that you’re gathering is coming from a credible source rather than form a 15 year old kid who’s posting nonsense on the web. The fact is that anybody can put stuff on the web so it is important to make sure the information you’re receiving is factual.

CRCB Chapter13. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER13. READING BEYAND THE WORDS

When reading you must a as certain level of knowledge in what you are reading and you must always be trying to interpret what the author is saying because a lot of time it may not be in front of you in black and white. Everything the author is saying to you must be taken in to account in what he may be trying to accomplish by getting his work across. In what type of tone is the author coming across as, is it persuasive? Is it a summary, or a biography or maybe a report of some finding that he is sharing? As a reader you should look through all of this to try to learn what is trying to be put across. Once you have read what has been presented evaluate and try to summarize what you got out of this reading.

TFY Chapter12. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 12.Reasoning:

How Do I Reason from Premises?
Using at least two dictionaries, look up the terms deduction, deductive logic, and reasoning. Then write out in your own words a definition of deductive reasoning.
Deduction is taught through the study of formal logic, or the science of good reasoning. We learn deduction through the study of formal logic. It is called formal because its main concern is with creating forms that serve as models to demonstrate both correct and incorrect reasoning.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 12 Exercises Page 348
Definition:

Deduction : an amount or percentage deducted; something that is inferred deduced or entailed or implied; reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect); subtraction: the act of subtracting (removing a part from the whole); discount: the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise.

Deductive logic : Deductive reasoning is the kind of reasoning in which the conclusion is necessitated by, or reached from, previously known facts (the premises). If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This is distinguished from abductive and inductive reasoning, where the premises may predict a high probability of the conclusion, but do not ensure that the conclusion is true.

Reasoning : is the mental (cognitive) process of looking for reasons to support beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings.

CRCB Chpater12. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER 12 IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ARGUMENTS

In arguments we come across deductive argument, inductive and evaluating arguments. A deductive argument is that the premise is to be undeniably true that the conclusion is also unquestionably true as well. In an inductive argument the premise is highly probable to be true as well as the conclusion. The main thing to understand between the two is probability as which you know is the absolute truth and what you know is high probable. In an argument you want to have a deductive stance because nothing can argue with one hundred percent fact.

TFY Chapter11. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter11. Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies:

How Do I Reason from Evidence?
Inductive reasoning is important to have in argument because it allows you to be aware of patterns going on in a situation. Although this pattern may happen almost every time it is important to be able to distinguish it between facts. Inductive reasoning can help strengthen your argument because a lot of times it is taken almost as being factual so it is a good basis to have. Fallacies are what brings an argument down because it is pattern of reasoning witch is usually wrong. This because of the way the argument is structured which is incorrect for one reason or another. It may be incorrect because the statements may be false or it may be incorrect simply because of where the premise and conclusions are setup.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 11 Exercises Page 303
1. Induction : Is an argument the truth of whose premises would not serve to guarantee the truth of its conclusion, yet would provide some evidence for it. Sometimes said to be "inductively but not deductively valid".

2. Reasoning : Is the act of using reason to derive a conclusion from certain premises. There are two main methods to reach a conclusion. One is deductive reasoning, in which given true premises, the conclusion must follow (the conclusion cannot be false). This sort of reasoning is non-ampliative - it does not increase one's knowledge base, since the conclusion is self-contained in the premises. A classical example of deductive reasoning are syllogism.

3. Empirical : Refers to that which is based on observation or experience rather than on theory.

4. Scientific methods : Is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

5. Inductive reasoning : A type of type of mathematical reasoning which involves observing patterns and using those observations to make generalizations.

CRCB Chapter11. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER11. READING UNDERSTANDING, AND CREATING VISUALS

When reading about a confusing subject of being taught about a confusing subject just words won’t always get the point across. Visual aids play such a huge role in the learning process and when making presentations. An example when a visual aid makes learning easier is when learning about the digestive system one can first explain in words but you can only get so much from words, but seeing a picture of the digestive tract it makes the word so much more clear and easier to understand. When presenting in a front of colleagues or in front of your peers visual aid proves to be extremely helpful in either getting your argument across or your point across.

TFY Chapter10. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 10.Fallacies What’s a faulty Argument?

A faulty argument will be most prevalent with an individual who does not have a strong premise, facts or data to back up what they are saying, therefore when they are presenting there statement it will sound faulty and have a lot of unnecessary words or sentencing just to confuse the opponent or even the individual presenting there argument. You can always tell when a bad argument is being given simply at looking at two parts of there argument. The first part being there premise and there second part being there conclusion. You can ask yourself does the conclusion support the premise at all, or does the conclusion make sense given what the premise is saying. Also when an individual is a giving a faulty argument they may have misleading facts so it is also important to be aware of the facts and make sure they are the truth.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 10 Class Discussion Page 294
1. (1)TV can't be harmful to children, (2)because it occupies their attention for hours and keep them off the streets. (take from S. Morris Engel's With Good Reason, St. Martin's Press, 1982)

2. (1)Those who are so ferociously involved in Mothers Against Drunk Driving would (2)better spend their time in working with A.A. to help alcoholics.

3.(2)Why are you always nagging at me(1)about the way I drive?

4. (1)Person A:I oppose school voucher programs because they undermine the public school system and give subsidies to rich families who can already afford to send their children to private schools. (2)Person B: I am not going to engage in class warfare. The real issue here is opportunity.