CRCB Chapter14. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER14. EVALUATING INTERNET RESOURCES.

One of the greatest resources we know have on hand is the World Wide Web. We can find information to almost any subject imaginable with just the click of a button. This resource is extremely useful but at the same time can crippling as well. A lot of time when books are published they are made sure that the information written is legitimate as where on web that is not always the case. When getting reliable references from the web you must make sure the information that you’re gathering is coming from a credible source rather than form a 15 year old kid who’s posting nonsense on the web. The fact is that anybody can put stuff on the web so it is important to make sure the information you’re receiving is factual.

CRCB Chapter13. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER13. READING BEYAND THE WORDS

When reading you must a as certain level of knowledge in what you are reading and you must always be trying to interpret what the author is saying because a lot of time it may not be in front of you in black and white. Everything the author is saying to you must be taken in to account in what he may be trying to accomplish by getting his work across. In what type of tone is the author coming across as, is it persuasive? Is it a summary, or a biography or maybe a report of some finding that he is sharing? As a reader you should look through all of this to try to learn what is trying to be put across. Once you have read what has been presented evaluate and try to summarize what you got out of this reading.

TFY Chapter12. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 12.Reasoning:

How Do I Reason from Premises?
Using at least two dictionaries, look up the terms deduction, deductive logic, and reasoning. Then write out in your own words a definition of deductive reasoning.
Deduction is taught through the study of formal logic, or the science of good reasoning. We learn deduction through the study of formal logic. It is called formal because its main concern is with creating forms that serve as models to demonstrate both correct and incorrect reasoning.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 12 Exercises Page 348
Definition:

Deduction : an amount or percentage deducted; something that is inferred deduced or entailed or implied; reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect); subtraction: the act of subtracting (removing a part from the whole); discount: the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise.

Deductive logic : Deductive reasoning is the kind of reasoning in which the conclusion is necessitated by, or reached from, previously known facts (the premises). If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This is distinguished from abductive and inductive reasoning, where the premises may predict a high probability of the conclusion, but do not ensure that the conclusion is true.

Reasoning : is the mental (cognitive) process of looking for reasons to support beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings.

CRCB Chpater12. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER 12 IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ARGUMENTS

In arguments we come across deductive argument, inductive and evaluating arguments. A deductive argument is that the premise is to be undeniably true that the conclusion is also unquestionably true as well. In an inductive argument the premise is highly probable to be true as well as the conclusion. The main thing to understand between the two is probability as which you know is the absolute truth and what you know is high probable. In an argument you want to have a deductive stance because nothing can argue with one hundred percent fact.

TFY Chapter11. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter11. Inductive Reasoning and Inductive Fallacies:

How Do I Reason from Evidence?
Inductive reasoning is important to have in argument because it allows you to be aware of patterns going on in a situation. Although this pattern may happen almost every time it is important to be able to distinguish it between facts. Inductive reasoning can help strengthen your argument because a lot of times it is taken almost as being factual so it is a good basis to have. Fallacies are what brings an argument down because it is pattern of reasoning witch is usually wrong. This because of the way the argument is structured which is incorrect for one reason or another. It may be incorrect because the statements may be false or it may be incorrect simply because of where the premise and conclusions are setup.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 11 Exercises Page 303
1. Induction : Is an argument the truth of whose premises would not serve to guarantee the truth of its conclusion, yet would provide some evidence for it. Sometimes said to be "inductively but not deductively valid".

2. Reasoning : Is the act of using reason to derive a conclusion from certain premises. There are two main methods to reach a conclusion. One is deductive reasoning, in which given true premises, the conclusion must follow (the conclusion cannot be false). This sort of reasoning is non-ampliative - it does not increase one's knowledge base, since the conclusion is self-contained in the premises. A classical example of deductive reasoning are syllogism.

3. Empirical : Refers to that which is based on observation or experience rather than on theory.

4. Scientific methods : Is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

5. Inductive reasoning : A type of type of mathematical reasoning which involves observing patterns and using those observations to make generalizations.

CRCB Chapter11. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER11. READING UNDERSTANDING, AND CREATING VISUALS

When reading about a confusing subject of being taught about a confusing subject just words won’t always get the point across. Visual aids play such a huge role in the learning process and when making presentations. An example when a visual aid makes learning easier is when learning about the digestive system one can first explain in words but you can only get so much from words, but seeing a picture of the digestive tract it makes the word so much more clear and easier to understand. When presenting in a front of colleagues or in front of your peers visual aid proves to be extremely helpful in either getting your argument across or your point across.

TFY Chapter10. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 10.Fallacies What’s a faulty Argument?

A faulty argument will be most prevalent with an individual who does not have a strong premise, facts or data to back up what they are saying, therefore when they are presenting there statement it will sound faulty and have a lot of unnecessary words or sentencing just to confuse the opponent or even the individual presenting there argument. You can always tell when a bad argument is being given simply at looking at two parts of there argument. The first part being there premise and there second part being there conclusion. You can ask yourself does the conclusion support the premise at all, or does the conclusion make sense given what the premise is saying. Also when an individual is a giving a faulty argument they may have misleading facts so it is also important to be aware of the facts and make sure they are the truth.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 10 Class Discussion Page 294
1. (1)TV can't be harmful to children, (2)because it occupies their attention for hours and keep them off the streets. (take from S. Morris Engel's With Good Reason, St. Martin's Press, 1982)

2. (1)Those who are so ferociously involved in Mothers Against Drunk Driving would (2)better spend their time in working with A.A. to help alcoholics.

3.(2)Why are you always nagging at me(1)about the way I drive?

4. (1)Person A:I oppose school voucher programs because they undermine the public school system and give subsidies to rich families who can already afford to send their children to private schools. (2)Person B: I am not going to engage in class warfare. The real issue here is opportunity.

CRCB Chapter10. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER10. TEXT BOOK MARKING

An important skill to have while studying or writing a report is the ability to find the main points in any type of text. This is when highlighting or marking play an important role in finding what you need. When doing research for a paper you may have to look through a lot of different types of books or any type of text, so when looking through this you must find a method to mark all the points that are going to be necessary for your report. You can use a highlighter and while skimming the text highlight all the important details that you may find interesting and would like to go back to later in order to incorporate them back into your paper. The benefit of doing this is, you have six books that you have collected and it would be a waste of time to go back through them again, when highlighted you can just go to where you have previously marked and pull out what you need.

TFY Chapter9. Summary and Mindmap

Ch 9 Summary Argument What’s a good Argument?

If a statement is thrown out to you, you would not necessarily believe just because someone told you. It is important when arguing a topic or persuading one on your views, you are prepared with data, facts about the topic a strong underlining premise and make sure you believe in what you are saying. Also when giving your argument your premise must be true, and your conclusion should always support your premise. You want to be prepared when you have and argument, in that all your material has been well researched and you are prepared to fire back on any questions given to you on that topic.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 9 Discovery Exercises Page 259
1. Student who want well-paying careers upon graduation should (R)train themselves to be computer programmers. (C)Most cities are full of advertisements for computer programmers.
2. By the study of different religions (R)we find that in essence they are one. All are concerned with revelations or breakthrough experiences that can (C)redirect lives and empower them toward good.
3. (R)I am not pro-abortion at all. I think that people nowadays use abortion as an essay from of both control. (C)It's also against my religion.
4. (R)Guns kill people; that's why handguns should be banned.(C)
5. (R)Deep fat frying can greatly increase the calories of foods such as fish, chicken, and potatoes. Therefore, (C)it is better to bake, boil, or steam foods.
6. " It is important that (R)individual citizens equip themselves with a baloney detection kit to determine whether politiciand, scientists, or religious leaders are lying-it's an important part of becoming a citizen of the world."(C)

CRCB Chpater9. Summary and Mindmap

CHAPTER9. USING PREVIEW, STUDY- READ, AND REVIEW (PSR) STRATEGY

There are many different strategies in studying one of the strategies is known as PSR (preview study and read). In PSR There are three basic steps the first preview, this is where you get a glimpse in what you will be reading, how long the reading of study assignment is and a the major points in your reading. This process is called skimming and it when you quickly read through the whole chapter to get and idea of what later you will be going in to depth with. Once you have gone through the whole chapter and you know have a greater understanding of what you are reading you’re able to move on to the next step in PSR which is study. In this section you go back over the chapter and thoroughly study the material but in greater detail. Quizzing yourself along the way making sure you understand all the facts and intricate details .once you have completed the review step your just go over everything that had been looked over and studied and make sure you grasped the concept of what you have studied also you want to quiz yourself over the whole chapter at this point.

TFY Chapter8. Summary and Mindmap

In Critical Thinking it is important to always understand what you are reading. This may sound obvious but there are times when one can read some thing but not fully understand its meaning. You must be able to understand the writer view point, what are they assuming, what do they want the readers to believe after they have read there work. Once you understand where the writer is coming from and what their focus is you can go on to form your own opinions and ideas. Now you can use critically thinking to look at all different aspects of the writing because you have first seen it in all angles.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 8 Discovery Exercises Page 220.
Viewpoint : The position of the camera in relation to the subject.
Point of view : the perspective from which a story is told.
Attitude : a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways.
Bias : influence in an unfair way, a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation.
Perspective : Perspective may mean: Literally, in visual topics:
 Perspective (visual), is the way in which objects appear to the eye. Perspective (graphical), means to represent the effects of visual perspective in drawings.
Frame of reference : A frame of reference is a particular perspective from which the universe is observed. Specifically, in physics, it refers to a provided set of axes from which an observer can measure the position and motion of all points in a system, as well as the orientation of objects in it.
Opinion : a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty.

CRCB Chpater8. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 8 Textbook Methods of Organization Critical Reading

In this chapter, we will learn about the different of textbook organization. The author’s will combine organizational methods depending on the type and complexity of the topics.
They are discussing, knowing the different patterns, or methods of organization helps you make sense of what you are reading and remembering the content more accurate.

TFY Chapter7. Summary and Mindmap

Evaluations make judgments about worth on the basis of standards that may be conscious or unconscious. It can help us react quickly to situation where our survival is a stake. Evaluations are not facts. Factual reports keep the distinction between facts and evaluations clear.
Propaganda employs many sophisticated manipulative techniques of persuasion. One of these is the use of hidden evaluations. A critical thinker knows how to recognize and detach from the influence of propaganda.
Connotative words convey evaluations that can be used to sway our opinions. When we think critical

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 7 Discovery Exercises Page 196
Judge - determine the result of (a competition), a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice.
Appraise - to estimate the value of real estate.

Estimate - an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth; "an estimate of what it would cost"; "a rough idea how long it would take".
Value - a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed; the quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable.

Evaluate - In this final stage of multimedia development, the focus is on evaluating the presentations effectiveness in light of its purpose and the assessment context.

CRCB Chapter7. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 7 Using Inference to Identify Implied Main Idea.

This chapter explaining to fully understand a reading assignment, For example, what is inference? Inference is the process of thinking making assumptions and drawing conclusions about information. What we see, what we read, when an author’s opinions or ideas that are directly or indirectly implied in a reading stated materials.
.
CRCB Exercise Chapter 7

Inferring an Author’s Meaning

1. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
You are better off keeping what you have than risking losing it in the hope of getting more.

2. A penny saved is penny earned.
If you save money, you earn money

3. Time heals all wounds.
Eventually things will get better.

4. Give a man a fish and he’ll eat for a day. Teach a man to fish, and he’ll eat for lifetime.
Don’t just give people stuff, make them work for it.


Exercise 7b)

Determining an Author’s Purpose

to inform
to persuade you
to inform
entertain
to inform


Exercise 7c)

Comparisons

1. Comparison between: a Sun-bath b. a drink of wine to the reptile
Implied similarity: it was very enjoyable

2. Comparison between: a. under pressure b. lion
Implied similarity: he feels ambitious

3. Comparison between: a. facts b. air on which the scientist learns.
Implied similarity: Scientists need facts.

4. Comparison between: a. battleship b. computer
Implied similarity: The hacker uses his computer to assail the weak and subvert the unsuspecting.

5. Comparison between: a. liquid b. people in the stadium aisles
Implied similarity: They both move freely.

6. Comparison between: a. the protagonist b. delicate vegetable
Implied similarity: They both start indoors, where it is safe, and are moved outside. In this case, the protagonist starts out in urban England.


Exercise 7d)

Setting the Tone

1. c. Troubled
2. a. Intense
3. c. Humorous
4. c. Sarcastic


Exercise 7e)

Detecting Bias in Paragraphs- Emotive Words

This author is biased, or sympathetic, towards poor people and believes that they have not been dealt with fairly in terms of equal access to good jobs.
The author believes that it is wrong.
He believes that things have gotten better, but there is still a long way to go.
He doesn’t like it.



Exercise 7f)

More Practice in Detecting Bias

1. I agree with the article. I believe with the statement about him hanging.
2. He wanted to express his views.
3. The USA needs to go after Osama Bin Laden.
4. Swinging from the end of the rope, vanquished
5. Angry, “Swing from the end of the rope…”


Exercise 7g)

Information Gaps and Cartoons

Question:

What is the main point that the cartoonist is making?

Answer:
We are lazy

TFY Chapter 6. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 6 Opinions: what’s believed?

Opinions are one of the few things that are based clearly on an individual personal ideas and thoughts. It’s what makes us different from one another. If everybody had the same opinions perhaps we would live in a much more peaceful world, but it would be so boring everybody would view everything in the same way not much would have been accomplished. Opinions can be formed in so many different ways and for different reasons. One way can be based on taste for example some people may like the way something taste while others may despise. Another example would be more of an educated opinion such as individual who studies a certain scientific procedure may come up with a theory of what going to happen or why it happen, which will most likely be different that what another scientist may think.

Thinking for Yourself Chapter 6 Quiz Page 190.
1. TURE Expert opinion calculates the risk involved in spacing the gap between the known and the unknown for a particular situation.
2. FALSE Giving advice is not a way of offering an opinion.
3. FALSE The result of public opinion polls are equivalent to votes in elections.

4. TURE Opinions in the forms of judgments state what is right and wrong, bed and good.

5. TURE Some opinion are based on generalizations, such as stereotype, as in the statement " All Chinese look alike."

6. FALSE Responsible opinions are based on a careful examination of the evidence.

7. FALSE Opinion is the same as facts.

8. TURE Gossip is opinion sharing without any requirement for substantiation.

9. FALSE Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion because all opinion carry equal value. 

10. TURE Prevailing sentiment refers to popular opinion that changes with the times.

CRCB Ch6. Summary and Mindmap

Chapter 6.

It is very important to locate the main idea and the major supporting details in a reading assignment are the foundation of college reading. The authors use details to help reads understand the supporting details. As privacy stated, major supporting details provide support for the main idea of a reading. They are commonly presented in the form of examples illustrations, explanations, definitions, facts of opinions. They typically answer who, what, when, how, and why? Minor supporting details are intended to clarify and enhance the major supporting details and are not usually considered as important. However some of them are significant and useful. It is important to prioritize details.
Once you identify the main ideas of on your reading material, you can divide the rest of the material into two categories major and main supporting details. If you are able to distinguish between the major and main supporting details, in your reading materials, it means you have understood what you have reading.

EXERCISE
Your question: How is it that the pain from a beating does not come until about eight or ten seconds after the stroke?
Major supporting detail: The stroke itself is merely a loud crack and a sort of blunt thud against your backside, numbing you completely.

Your question: Why is a tattoo a bad thing in the white-collar world?
Major supporting detail: You cannot earn power.

Your question: Why didn’t she approve of him?
Major supporting details: A. Fell asleep at desk
B. Sniffled all the time

Your question: How does the visitor’s hand feel?
Major supporting detail: It was cool and quite oily and seemed human to me.

Your question: What advantages does the pointed arch offer?
Major supporting detail:
A. Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller.
B. The vault constructed from such an arch also can be much taller than a barrel vault.

Your question: How does the Bacillus subtitles bacterium reproduce?
Major supporting details:
It splits every twenty minutes.


Exercise 6b)

Identifying Minor Supporting Details

1. -Main Idea:
I watched feng shui students in amazement as they completely abandoned their own sense of aesthetics and design in favor of the Eastern motifs expressed so frequently in Yu Lin’s seminars

-Major supporting details:

(2) During consultations in New York or London, I came across a number of cases in which ‘cures’ employed to correct design imbalances directly conflicted with the culture and surroundings of the modern furniture;
(3) No wonder people were confused, and put off, by what was available on feng shui in print.